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Europe To Continue To See Extreme Summer Conditions
Paris (AFP) Sep 13, 2006 Continental Europe's extreme summers of recent years, characterised by heavy floods or killer heatwaves, could be commonplace by the turn of the century, a climate study says. Its authors believe that changes in the complex relationship between air temperature and land moisture, driven by global warming, will cause European summers to suffer from chronic variability by 2100. Publishing on Thursday in the weekly British science journal Nature, the Swiss research team say that the hot, dry climate zone of the Mediterranean rim is destined to creep northwards as temperatures rise. As a result, central and eastern Europe will suffer a "positive feedback mechanism" -- in essence, a vicious circle in which higher temperatures cause the soil to evaporate more and vegetation to breathe out more moisture. In damp regions, more airborne moisture and warm air help to fuel the precipitation cycle, causing more and more rainfall and thus boosting the risk of flooding. But in dry regions, moisture is swiftly driven out of soil and plants, leaving nothing to cool the atmosphere. As a result, the effects of a heatwave worsen. Complicating this process is the likelihood that as the climate changes, the vegetation that it supports will change, too. For instance, in drier areas, forests may be replaced by scrubby, heat-loving plants, and this in turn will affect the moisture-atmosphere exchange. Lead researcher Sonia Seneviratne, of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, told AFP that the work was based on a new computer model which predicted the effect of the land-moisture link on a map of Europe with nearly twice the resolution of previous models. It focuses in particular on the mechanisms that led to more frequent heatwaves, but confirms there will be high variability from year to year, with extremely hot spells or very heavy rainfall, she said. Devastating floods struck parts of Europe in 2002 and 2005 while in 2003, the continent was gripped by a record heatwave that claimed as many as 35,000 lives. Previous research into climate change in Europe has also sketched the risk of huge variability from one year to the next, but the underlying causes for this were unclear. Meanwhile, a separate study published in Nature said there was no evidence to suggest that changes in the Sun's brightness over the past millennium had had any significant effect on global warming. Some scientists -- now a tiny minority, but backed by powerful lobby groups in the United States -- doubt that the rise in global temperatures since the start of the Industrial Revolution has been caused by greenhouse gases released by fossil fuels. Instead, they have suggested changes in the amount of heat and light that Earth receives, either because of sunspots or because of tiny shifts in Earth's orbit.
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Electric Ice Gives Earth A Buzz
Huntsville AL (SPX) Sep 14, 2006Here's something fun to try in your kitchen: Go to the freezer, open the door and pry loose an ice cube. Next, look around the freezing compartment for some frost-the crystalline fuzz that loves to coat your frozen English peas. Found it? Rub the ice cube gently across the frost. |
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