The National Science Foundation recently renewed funding for the project with a grant of $1.3 million to Cornell to finish the survey. Brown, professor of earth and atmospheric sciences, has been leading the project across the Tibetan plateau, located in the southwestern corner of China, since its inception in the early 1990s.

Tibet is one of the world's best examples of what happens when continents smash together, Brown explained, because of its famously high elevation and sprawling terrain. The Himalayas are thought to be have formed when the Indian continent slammed into Asia beginning about 50 million years ago.

The ultimate goal, according to Brown, is to piece together what happens when continents collide to form supercontinents like Eurasia. A common theory is that the Tibetan Plateau formed when India was pushed under Asia from the south.

"We'll be testing the hypothesis that, in fact, Asia is also being stuffed under the northern part of the plateau," Brown said.

In order to do that, scientists must understand the geometry of rock layers under the Earth's surface.

The researchers use echo sounding, which is the same basic technology used to map the ocean bottom and explore for oil and gas. In Tibet, the scientists set up explosions that generate sound waves, whose echoes off the deep rock layers are recorded and analyzed.

This allows an "acoustic photograph" to be taken as deep as 100 miles, but typically between 20 and 30 miles deep, said Brown, whose current work also involves deep imaging of major earthquake faults in Taiwan and an active volcano on the Caribbean island of Montserrat.

Future targets of Brown's work include sites in Brazil, Africa, Madagascar and India.

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