In an exclusive interview, X-Press Feeders chief executive Shmuel Yoskovitz said he believed paying would have wide-ranging implications on global shipping and "set a dangerous precedent".
The company operated the MV X-Press Pearl that sank off Colombo Port in June 2021 after a fire -- believed caused by a nitric acid leak -- that raged for nearly two weeks.
Its cargo included 81 containers of hazardous goods, including acids and lead ingots, and hundreds of tonnes of plastic pellets.
The ship was refused permission by ports in Qatar and India to offload the leaking nitric acid before it arrived in Sri Lankan waters.
Tonnes of microplastic granules from the ship inundated an 80-kilometre (50-mile) stretch of beach along Sri Lanka's western coast. Fishing was prohibited for months.
Sri Lanka's Supreme Court in July ordered the company to pay Colombo an "initial" US$1 billion in damages within a year, with the first tranche of US$250 million to be paid by Tuesday.
It also ordered the company "to make such other and further payments" in the future as the court may direct.
- 'Hanging guillotine' -
Yoskovitz rejected the open-ended nature of the penalty.
"We are not paying because the whole base of maritime trade is based on the limitation of liability. This judgment undermines this limitation of liability," he told AFP.
"Any payment towards the judgment could set a dangerous precedent for how maritime incidents will be resolved in the future," he said.
Sri Lanka's government said it would ask its chief prosecutor what action it could take.
"We will be guided by the advice of the attorney general on what further steps to take," government spokesman and media minister Nalinda Jayatissa told reporters in Colombo.
The United Nations office in Colombo noted that the "polluter pays" principle was enshrined in global agreements, including the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea.
"The Supreme Court's ruling is a vital step toward justice and accountability," the UN in Sri Lanka said on X.
Yoskovitz said the absence of limitations could lead to higher insurance premiums, which would be ultimately passed on to consumers.
The chief executive again apologised for the incident, saying the company recognised the disaster and was trying to make amends.
He said X-Press Feeders had already spent $170 million to remove the wreck, clean up the seabed and beaches, and compensate affected fishermen.
"We are not trying to hide... We are willing to pay more, but it has to be under certain marine conventions and an amount that is full and final and then it can be settled, and we can move on," he said.
"But to live under this hanging guillotine -- it is simply impossible to operate like this."
- Long-term effects -
In Colombo, Sri Lanka's Supreme Court has scheduled a hearing on Thursday about the implementation of its decision.
One of the petitioners who sought compensation for the pollution has called for further research to determine the full extent of the damage to the island's marine ecosystems.
"If you visit the coastlines today, there is nothing visible in terms of plastic pollution. A major clean-up took place soon after the X-Press Pearl incident, but the effects of the pollution will be felt for a long time," said Hemantha Withanage from the Centre for Environmental Justice.
It remains unclear how Sri Lanka's Supreme Court could enforce its decision.
However, in its 361-page decision in July, the court ordered the police and the state prosecutor to initiate criminal proceedings for non-compliance if the parties were present in Sri Lanka.
Yoskovitz expressed concern over the ship's Russian captain, Vitaly Tyutkalo, who has been banned from leaving Sri Lanka for more than four years, as well as the company's third-party agents there.
The firm had offered to pay a fine for the skipper's release, but this was refused, according to Yoskovitz.
X-Press Feeders obtained an order from London's Admiralty Court in July 2023, limiting its liability to a maximum of 19 million pounds (US$25 million), but Sri Lanka has challenged that.
The Sri Lankan government also filed a lawsuit against the ship's owners in the Singapore International Commercial Court. But that has been stayed pending the result of the case in London, with a pre-trial hearing expected in May 2026.
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