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RAS Statement On The Proposed Abolition Of Leap Seconds
London, UK (SPX) Sep 22, 2005 In November 2005, the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) will be discussing a proposal to abolish leap seconds. The Royal Astronomical Society (RAS) strongly recommends that this proposal should be shelved, and that, before any changes are implemented, there should be a broader, public debate on the future use of these small adjustments to our annual time-keeping. Our scientific understanding of time has developed over several centuries. Today, scientists recognise that there are two distinct requirements for time-keeping:
Leap seconds are small adjustments to UTC, which keep ordinary clock time synchronised with the rotation of Earth and thus with the location of the Sun in the sky. They were introduced in 1972 as a reasonable compromise to serve both needs. There have been 21 leap seconds since 1972 and the next is planned at the end of 2005. Their use is determined by the International Earth Rotation Service, which is sponsored by scientific bodies including the International Astronomical Union. However, there is now a proposal to abolish leap seconds from December 2007. This proposal will be discussed by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) at a meeting in Geneva in November 2005. The proposed change would cause UTC to drift with respect to solar time. If agreed, this would change UTC so that it would serve only precise timing requirements. The proponents of the change consider leap seconds to be a problem for precision timing applications and thus are seeking solutions. But the present proposal seeks to solve their problem by exporting problems to those who use clock time as a measure of mean solar time (as guaranteed by current international standards). These include astronomers, satellite operators and potentially all who study environmental phenomena related to the rising and setting of Sun. The idea that clock time follows solar time is deeply embedded in contemporary technical culture through a wealth of literature (text books, web pages etc) and in the skills of working scientists and engineers around the world. The Society is concerned that this issue has been subject only to a specialist and rather closed debate. There is a clear need for broader debate that involves a wider range of those who will be affected by the proposed change. This should extend outside science and technology - for example, to consider whether civil/legal time should be based on precision time or mean solar time. The Society strongly recommends that the proposal to abolish leap seconds should be shelved and that the ITU works to promote a broader and public debate. "This debate should seek a fair solution that serves both needs for time-keeping," said Mike Hapgood, Secretary of the RAS, who has led the preparation of the Society's statement. "There are a lot of skilled people already involved in the debate; we need them to work together to improve current time-keeping for everyone's benefit and not just for one group."
Email This Article Comment On This Article Related Links Leap-seconds discussion at US Naval Observatory Steve Allen's bibliographic gathering of references on leap seconds Marcus Kuhn's leap seconds site at Cambridge The UTC Problem and its Solutions, presentation by Pat Wallace Time Bandits article by Wendy Grossman Detailed article by proponents of change SpaceDaily Search SpaceDaily Subscribe To SpaceDaily Express Understanding Time and Space
Unified Physics Theory Explains Animals Running Flying And Swimming
Durham NC (SPX) Jan 05, 2006A single unifying physics theory can essentially describe how animals of every ilk, from flying insects to fish, get around, researchers at Duke University's Pratt School of Engineering and Pennsylvania State University have found. The team reports that all animals bear the same stamp of physics in their design. |
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