The dimming prospects of a dovish turn by the Federal Reserve also sent the dollar surging against the yen, forcing Japanese officials to warn they would intervene in forex markets to support the country's currency.
Expectations for a rate cut have been doused in recent weeks by a series of strong indicators -- particularly on the economy and jobs -- while several monetary policymakers warned they want to see more data before shifting.
However, stocks continued to push higher in that time, with analysts saying the Fed had indicated it is still on course to cut this year, even if not as much as previously hoped.
A small downward revision last week to inflation figures for the final few months of 2023 added to the upbeat mood.
Tuesday's figures, however, showed the consumer price index and core prices eased less than expected, which came as a severe blow, leading investors to re-evaluate their outlook for rates this year.
Eyes are now on producer price data due at the end of the week.
All three main indexes on Wall Street fell more than one percent, with the Dow and S&P 500 coming down from around record highs.
US Treasury yields jumped and the so-called "fear gauge" VIX rose at its fastest clip since October.
The "CPI report caught a lot of people off guard", Chris Zaccarelli, of Independent Advisor Alliance.
"Many investors were expecting the Fed to begin cutting rates and were spending a lot of time arguing that the Fed was taking too long to get started -- not appreciating that inflation could be sticky and not continue down in a straight line."
Saxo's Redmond Wong added: "The hot CPI report has priced out a March rate cut, now seen with only 10 percent odds."
The "May rate cut probability has also dropped to less than 40 percent from around 70 percent previously and the first rate cut is only seen in June".
Stephen Innes at SPI Asset Management called it "a bitter pill".
"Suppose the other top-tier data released this month shows a hotter trend similar to the CPI report. In that case, it's unlikely that the Federal Reserve will cut interest rates in May."
Asian traders ran for cover, with Tokyo, Sydney, Singapore, Seoul, Wellington, Mumbai and Bangkok well down.
Hong Kong rallied, however, as it reopened after an extended break for the Lunar New Year. Tech giants led the way on hopes China's leaders will announce further measures to support the country's markets and stuttering economy.
London edged up at the open as data showed UK inflation held at four percent in January. Paris and Frankfurt were down.
The dollar held on to most of its gains against its peers, with its movements against the yen of particular interest to investors after it jumped around one percent to sit back above 150 for the first time since November.
Officials in Tokyo said they were keeping a close eye on developments and were ready to step in to support their currency.
"Some of the recent rapid moves are in line with fundamentals, but some are clearly speculative. I think the latter aren't desirable," said vice finance minister for international affairs Masato Kanda on Wednesday.
"Authorities are ready to respond 24 hours a day, 365 days a year."
Those remarks were echoed by Finance Minister Shunichi Suzuki.
The yen has lost more than five percent since the start of the year as the Bank of Japan (BoJ) holds off tightening monetary policy, even as the economy improves and inflation picks up.
While BoJ governor Kazuo Ueda has hinted at a move soon, he has refused to give a rigid timeline, piling pressure on the yen.
- Key figures around 0810 GMT -
Tokyo - Nikkei 225: DOWN 0.7 percent at 37,703.32 (close)
Hong Kong - Hang Seng Index: UP 0.8 percent at 15,879.38 (close)
London - FTSE 100: UP 0.2 percent at 7,523.23
Shanghai - Composite: Closed for holiday
Dollar/yen: DOWN at 150.40 yen from 150.80 yen on Tuesday
Euro/dollar: UP at $1.0714 from $1.0712
Pound/dollar: DOWN at $1.2576 from $1.2590
Euro/pound: UP at 85.18 pence from 85.06 pence
West Texas Intermediate: UP 0.3 percent at $78.10 per barrel
Brent North Sea Crude: UP 0.3 percent at $83.03 per barrel
New York - Dow: DOWN 1.4 percent at 38,272.75 (close)
-- Bloomberg News contributed to this story --
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